Which aspect of Civil Engineering ensures safety and efficiency during construction?

Quality assurance and control processes play a crucial role in ensuring both safety and efficiency during construction. These processes involve systematic measures to verify that the materials, workmanship, and construction methods conform to specified standards and regulations. Through quality assurance, engineers and contractors can identify and mitigate potential safety hazards that may arise from substandard practices. Control processes include regular inspections, testing of materials, and adherence to design specifications, all of which contribute to a safe working environment.

Ensuring quality not only helps in preventing accidents but also enhances the overall efficiency of the construction process, as consistent quality reduces the likelihood of rework and delays associated with safety issues. In contrast, the other options, such as cost estimation, site selection, and material management, while important in their own rights, do not directly focus on the ongoing safety and quality of construction practices during the execution phase.